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archeologist: scientist who studies the material remains
(as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human
life and activities
bar: mound of gravel and sand deposited by flowing
water
bottleneck: a narrow route
cataract: waterfall with a single, sheer drop
channel: the deepest part of a river
cliff: a very steep, vertical, or overhanging face
of rock
climate: the average condition of the weather at a
place over a period of years
cobble: a rock fragment between 64 and 256 millimeters
in diameter, especially one that has been naturally rounded
current: the swiftest part of a stream
dam: a barrier preventing the flow of water
erratic: a large rock that was moved to its present
location by glacial ice
flood: peak flow of water that tops the banks of a
stream channel
geologist: a scientist who studies the history of
the Earth and its life, especially as recorded in rocks
glacier: a mass of ice, formed by the recrystallization
of snow, that flows forward, or has flowed at some time in
the past
gravel: round rock fragments larger than the sand
Jokulhlaups: a flood created when a body of water
held by a glacial dam breaks through the confining walls
loess: wind-blown silt that originated from glacial
sediment
margin: outside limit or edge
payload: a load carried
pothole: a circular hole formed in the rocky bed of
a river by the grinding action of stones or gravel whirled
round by the water
raft: to transport
reservoir: an artificial lake where water is collected
and kept in quantity for use
ripple marks: deposits of sediment that have been
left by fast-moving water in the shape of parallel, long rows
scabland: an irregular surface of land shaped by floodwaters
with exposed lava rocks and a thin layer of soil and sparse
vegetation
sediment: matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid
silt: loose sedimentary material with rock particles
usually 1/20 millimeter or less in diameter
soil: the upper layer of earth that may be dug or
plowed and in which plants grow
topography: the configuration of a surface including
its relief and the position of its natural and human-made
features
topsoil: surface soil usually including the organic
layer in which plants have most of their roots and which the
farmer turns over in plowing
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